Iran’s Contribution to the
Civil War in Iraq
BY MOUNIR ELKHAMRI
The opinions expressed are those of the author and do not represent those of the Department
of Defense and the U.S. Army.
While the press debates whether or not there is a civil war in Iraq, there is a strong history
of Iranian-sponsored unrest in Iraq that continues to the present. Captured Iraqi
intelligence documents, now maintained by the Foreign Military Studies Office, show Iran’s deep
penetration in Iraqi society and institutions. Iran clandestinely supported the U.S. invasion of
Iraq and took measures to turn it to her advantage.
The Iranian government maintained armed formations, such as the Badr Corps, inside Iraq
prior to the U.S. invasion. While Saddam Hussein felt that he could dissuade a U.S. invasion
through world opinion and the United Nations, Iran anticipated and welcomed the U.S. invasion
since it would destroy her chief enemy in the region.
Iran has now moved covertly and overtly onto Iraq to subvert Iraqi institutions and eventually
to assume total control. Iran has now entered a wider and more dangerous game by subverting
the Iraqi police and armed forces into a “greater Shia” cause, which Iran hopes will lead to the
fragmentation of Iraq and the inoration of oil–rich Shia lands into Iran.
IRAN AND IRAQ: Iran’s Contribution to the Civil War in Iraq
Mounir Elkhamri is a Middle East Military Analyst for the Foreign Military Studies Office
at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He has native fluency in Arabic and working fluency in
French and German. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri, Kansas City and is currently
working on his Masters in Middle East Studies. He is a sergeant in the U.S. Army Reserve and
just completed an 18-month tour in Iraq where he worked with a logistics brigade, a maneuver
battalion and a Special Forces ODA team.
He also served as the personal cultural advisor and translator for Major General Rodriguez—
the commander of Task Force Freedom. He was also a translator for various high
ranking officials, such as Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, U.S. Ambassador Dr. Zalmay
Khalilzad, General George Casey, LTG John R. Vines and others. He was point man for many
initiatives working with the local Iraqis, the Iraqi Army, the Iraqi police and Iraqi politicians.
In 2004, Mounir co-authored the article “Who will be the next President of Egypt?” and a
study on “Urban Population Control in Counterinsurgency.” In 2006, Mounir wrote the articles:
“Dealing with the Iraqi populace: An Arab-American soldier’s perspective” and “Dealing
with the new Iraqi security forces.”
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Mounir Elkhamri
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I. IRAN’S PREPARATIONS FOR THE U.S. INVASION OF IRAQ
The Badr Corps’ Leaders Meetings with Allies
According to captured Iraqi intelligence reports (2001-2002), there were several meetings between the
command of the Badr Corps of the Iranian Republican Guard and Iraqi Shia tribes. The Badr Corps also
met with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) leadership in
preparation for the U.S. invasion of Iraq.
On September 27, 2001, representatives of the Badr Corps met with members of the PUK, including PUK
leader Jalal Talabani, in one of the PUK’s political offices in Sulaymania, Kurdistan. During this meeting,
the Badr leadership discussed possible enrollment of Badr Corps members and other Iraqis living in Iran in
the University of Sulaymania. They also requested permission from Jalal Talabani to invest in Sulaymania.
Talabani agreed to study their request for student enrollment and gave them the green light to invest in
Sulaymania.1
Then, on October 1, 2001, representatives of the Badr Corps and representatives of the KDP, which is led
by Massoud Barzani, met in a Salahadeen resort located about 20 miles from Irbil, Kurdistan. The intent of
the meeting was to renew and reinforce the Badr Corps’ ties with the KDP. During this meeting, Badr Corps
leaders also asked the KDP representatives about the United States’ current and future intentions toward
Iraq.2
On October 2, 2001, the Badr Corps leadership met again with Massoud Barzani, head of the KDP,
to discuss different ways to reinforce relations between the Badr Corps and the KDP. The Badr Corps’
representatives inquired about U.S. intentions in Iraq and asked Barzani’s permission to allow the Badr Corps
to open an office in Irbil. Barzani assured them that the United States was thinking about targeting Iraq once
it finished its mission in Afghanistan. He expressed his worries about the possible involvement of the Turkish
forces in the U.S. invasion, especially since Turkey had strong interests in northern Iraq. He also mentioned
that normally the United States would only support the strongest political parties that were pro-U.S. These
parties would assume control in post-Saddam Iraq. At that point, the majority of U.S. politicians supported
the Kurds and the Shia Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI).3
The Badr Corps’ Military Meetings and Preparations
On November 4, 2001, the Badr Corps organized a meeting with the chief of staff, operations officer,
intelligence officer and numerous tribal leaders who were loyal to the Badr Corps. During this meeting, the
Badr Corps leadership emphasized the importance of jihadi activities in support of the Badr Corps’ efforts to
seize the Iraqi government once the United States
invaded Iraq.4
A day later, the leadership of the Badr Corps
held another meeting attended by Abu Mehdi
Mohandess, the Corps commander’s assistant;
Abu Hassan al-Amari, the chief of staff; Abu
Lequaa al-Safi the intelligence officer; Abu Ayoub
al-Basri, the operations officer; and all the covert
area commanders in Iraq.
“Today, Iran considers Iraq as
its frontline state against the
United States and its allies,
especially if the United States
decides to attack Iran’s nuclear
installations.”
IRAN AND IRAQ: Iran’s Contribution to the Civil War in Iraq
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION
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During this meeting, they discussed the following scenarios in Iraq:
1. The possibility of transferring command between President Saddam Hussein and his son Udai.
2. The possibility of changing the key political figures in Iraq but keeping the same political structure.
3. The possibility of an organized military coup by a group of officers supported by the United States.
4. The conference noted that the United States might intervene in Iraq as they had in Afghanistan. In
this case, the United States would likely rely on Kurdish forces and other Iraqi Islamic forces in theater.5
On December 10, 2001, the Badr Corps organized a meeting in which the majority of its commanders—
Abu Hassan al-Amari, the chief of staff; Abu Lequaa al-Safi, the intelligence officer; Abu Ayoub al-Basri the
operations officer—and representatives from the Iraqi province of Karbala were present. During the meeting,
they discussed the probable U.S. invasion of Iraq and discussed the Corps’ plan and preparations to reap the
benefits from this opportunity.6
SCIRI asked the Badr Corps command to:
1. Prepare for and anticipate the beneficial U.S. invasion of Iraq. Provide the necessary and effective
action to support the U.S. attack on Iraq.
2. Conduct reconnaissance missions, then disrupt and cause damage to the Iraqi military in the south,
especially in the provinces of Basra, Maysan and Dhi Qar because that would raise the Badr Corps
soldiers’ morale and spirit.
3. Prepare two battalions of the Badr Corps, the Mujahedee al-Hussein battalion and the Ansar al-
Hussein battalion, and send them into the south of Iraq, in the areas of al-Amarah and al-Nasseria.
They must collect information about military units and government officials and carry out attacks on
political parties’ offices and other government offices. Then they must control the main route between
the Dewania and al-Kassem areas, which is located in Babil province, right after the U.S. invasion of
Iraq.
These forces were under the supervision of an Iranian intelligence general, General Mhamde, who secretly
traveled in and out of Iraq and had a business office in Sulaymania (Hassaniat al-Hakim). Later, General
Mhamde prepared a group of Kurds and integrated them into two platoons called Alkassem in order to
collect information about Ninewa and Tamim provinces.7
II. IRAN’S PRESENCE IN IRAQ AFTER THE U.S. INVASION
Iraq as a Strategic Line of Defense for Iran
Iraq is considered to be the first line of defense for Iran against any foreign invasion, especially since Iraq
has been the invasion route for military attacks on Iran in the past. Prior to and after the coalition’s invasion
of Iraq, Iran has been taking the necessary preparations and actions in order to strengthen its strategic
position and control Iraq through its intelligence organization and its sectarian political parties.
These organizations and political parties used the coalition’s initial position against the Sunnis and the
de-Baathification of the Iraqi security forces to infiltrate, manipulate and control the new Iraqi security
forces and ministries. Today, Iran considers Iraq as its frontline state against the United States and its allies,
especially if the United States decides to attack Iran’s nuclear installations.8
Mounir Elkhamri
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION
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Different Forms of the Iranian Presence in Iraq
In 2004, the assistant commander of the Iranian Republican Guard announced, during his visit to London,
that Iran has two brigades and other militia in Iraq in order to protect the national security of Iran.
On March 11, 2004, Iranian intelligence opened an office in Najaf called “The Office to Help Poor Iraqi
Shia.” Through that office, they were able to recruit over 70,000 Iraqis from the south to join one of the
militias loyal to Iran. Every recruit would receive $2,000 in advance, then $1,000 a month—a princely sum
in Iraq today.9
According to a defecting Iranian Republican Guard Council (IRGC) officer, “The scale and breadth of
Qods Force operations in Iraq are far beyond what we did even during the war with Saddam.”10 The officer
was referring to the IRGC’s extensive
activities in Iraq during the eight-year
Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s. “Vast areas
of Iraq are under the virtual control of the
Qods Force through its Iraqi surrogates. It
uses a vast array of charities, companies
and other fronts to conduct its activities
across Iraq.”11 He also stated, “We would
send our officers into Iraq to operate for
months under the cover of a construction
company...Kawthar Company operated in
Najaf last year to carry out construction work in the area around Imam Ali Shrine, but it was in fact a front
company for the Qods Force. Qods officers, disguised as company employees, established contacts with Iraqi
operatives and organized underground cells in southern Iraq.”12
Iran’s Ideological Control over Southern Iraq
In the past two years, Iran has sent more than 2,000 students and religious scholars to Najaf and Karbala.
About one-third of them belong to Iranian intelligence. It has also assigned representatives in major Shia
cities to provide financial support to Shia students and school instructors—$50 to $100 per student and
$200 to $500 per instructor. Iran has sent several Iraqi political figures who were living in Iran back to Iraq
to infiltrate and obtain sensitive political positions in the new Iraqi government. Iran considers these figures
a solid foundation in the process of incorporating Iraq, without its northern area of Kurdistan, the moment
the coalition forces start leaving Iraq.13
Iran has a strong presence in the southern provinces of Iraq and a secret one in Baghdad. Iran also has
a respectable presence in the north of Iraq where it is utilizing Iranian Kurds, Iranian communists, Iranian-
Kurdish student exchanges and Iranian agents. There were numerous agreements between the Iraqi-Kurdish
leaders and Iran prior to the coalition’s invasion of Iraq.
In one of the agreements, Iran agreed not to intervene in Kurdistan’s internal affairs or to go after the
Iranian-Kurds who live in Kurdistan and are anti-Iran. In exchange, the Kurdistan government agreed to not
allow any attacks on Iran from Kurdistan.14
Assassination of Scientists, Professors, Officers and Key Sunni Figures
After the fall of the regime, Iraqi citizens began to witness numerous assassinations and kidnapping
attempts that targeted Sunni professors, scholars, doctors and especially those army officers and air force
pilots that participated in the Iraq-Iran war. According to an ex-Iraqi Air Force pilot who is currently serving
“When the Shia in the south of Iraq, who
are loyal to Iran, claim their independence
in Iraq’s southern provinces, they will
control the second largest oil reserve after
Saudi Arabia. Iran might eventually end up
in control of almost 20% of the world’s oil
reserves.”
IRAN AND IRAQ: Iran’s Contribution to the Civil War in Iraq
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION
6
in the new Iraqi army, when the coalition forces were busy fighting the insurgency and preparing for the first
national election, the Iranian militias were busy assassinating over 90 air force pilots and other high ranking
military officers that had participated in the Iraq-Iran war.15
In late 2005, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani condemned the assassinations and kidnapping attempts and
sent an invitation to the rest of the former Iraqi Air Force pilots and high ranking officers to move to
Sulaymania or Irbil in Kurdistan if they did not feel safe where they lived.
Iran’s Control of Southern Iraq
According to an Iraqi officer, during al-Jaafari’s administration numerous members of the Iranian
intelligence were naturalized in Iraq and thousands of hectares were distributed in Shia cities such as Basra,
Najaf and Karbala. In 2004, al-Alkeed Ghazi, an Arab-Shia naturalization officer, was assassinated because
he refused to naturalize anyone that belonged to a militia. Iran also sent Iranian investors along with its
intelligence officers in order to buy as many as 5,000 apartments, houses, stores and restaurants in Baghdad,
Basra, Najaf and Karbala. These are used as living quarters and command centers for the Iranian agents and
the other militia loyal to Iran.
These ongoing efforts are mainly to guarantee a successful vote for federalism in the south of Iraq. Similar
scenarios were witnessed in the north of Iraq before the first and the second national elections, where a large
number of Kurdish families relocated from Kurdistan to a different area north of Iraq—Mosul, Tal Afar,
Rabia and others—in order to secure enough votes for the new Iraqi constitution and the national election.
Iranian Involvement in Iraq’s Election and its Aftermath
Prior to the 2005 Iraqi national election, Iran sent a large number of its agents as visitors to Shia shrines
in order to influence and secure the necessary votes for the Shia party running in that election. They smuggled
in thousands of Iranian-made pictures, flyers and already filled-out voting ballots in order to support their
Shia candidates. The Shia United Iraqi Alliance consisted of 18 conservative Shia Islamist groups such as: the
Dawa party, led by ex-Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari; the pro-Iranian Supreme Council for the Islamic
Revolution in Iraq, led by Abdul-Aziz al-Hakim; the Iraqi Nationalist Sadr Movement, loyal to populist Shia
cleric Moqtada al-Sadr; and others.16
According to the Iranian ambassador to the United Kingdom, Muhammad Husain Adeli, Tehran was
ready to work again with the United States to ensure stability in the Middle East where their interests
converged. Ambassador Adeli stated, “For the recent elections, there was not only implicit but explicit
indirect and direct cooperation between the two, Iran and the United States, in order to keep the majority
calm and in favor of the election.”17 Tehran and Washington have not had diplomatic links since the 1979
Islamic Revolution and relations between them are currently tense.
Federalism
On July 31, 2006, Adel Abd al-Mahdi, a senior official in SCIRI and Iraq’s vice president, pledged that
the Shia Iraqi coalition—the biggest bloc in the Iraqi parliament—would raise the issue of a Shia federal
state in the coming month. A few days before that announcement, Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, chairman of SCIRI,
repeated his call for a Shia federal region.18
The chairman of SCIRI also stated, “Federalism is constitutionally secured. We have to work seriously
on this issue, and figure out the necessary mechanism to switch to federalism. Dear countrymen, this issue is
important to your governorates’ security, safety and reconstruction.”19
Mounir Elkhamri
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION
7
He continued and urged his supporters to take the Kurds in the north of Iraq as an example of the
importance of federalism: “Kurdistan was devastated by wars and suffered the same amount of negligence
you suffered, but now—thanks to federalism—it has started to enjoy progress and prosperity more than any
part of Iraq.”20
Iraqi federalism is an important issue for Iran. When the Shia in the south of Iraq, who are loyal to Iran,
claim their independence in Iraq’s southern provinces, they will control the second largest oil reserve after
Saudi Arabia. Iran might eventually end up in control of almost 20% of the world’s oil reserves.
III. IRAQ’S CIVIL WAR
Today in Iraq, Shia militias—death squads loyal to Iran—have successfully infiltrated the new Iraqi
security forces at all levels. They have also expanded their area of operations throughout Iraq. They are
responsible for more civilian deaths than the Sunni and foreign insurgents who are the United States’ number
one enemies in Iraq. These militias—the Mahdi Army, the Badr Brigade and others—are carrying out attacks
under the authority of and in the uniforms of the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defense.
They arrest, kidnap, interrogate, torture and kill anti-Shia and innocent Iraqis.21
For the past year, dozens of corpses have shown up on the streets and garbage dumps of Iraqi cities on a
daily basis. In most cases, the victims, who are overwhelmingly Sunni, are blindfolded and handcuffed. Their
corpses show signs of torture—broken skulls, burn marks, gouged-out eyeballs, electric drill holes and other
forms of abuse. The Shia militias’ secret detention centers are popping up everywhere, even within the Iraqi
Ministry of Interior.
The reality is that Iraq is in a state of civil war, and some of its most ruthless and lawless combatants
are members of the government’s own security units. Unfortunately, some of them, if not the majority of
these new Shia militias, were once part of the new Iraqi security forces and were trained by coalition forces.
Coalition forces have spent billions of dollars in training, thinking that these recruits would serve the Iraqis
and would be loyal to Iraq instead of following the Iraqi and Iranian religious leaders’ political agendas.22
The current situation in Iraq cannot be fixed by military “hit and run,” moving troops from one hot
spot to another. The militias enjoy Iranian military, financial and spiritual leadership. On the other hand,
the solution is not to bomb Iran, as doing so will only unleash Iranian forces around the world against
neighboring Arab lands where the United States has a presence. What the United States needs to do is to
restrain Iran and disarm and disband the Shia militias. These militias are out of control. America must keep
Iraq together. It is America’s responsibility to restore order to avoid a civil war that would be similar to the
Lebanese Civil War in the 1980s.
IRAN AND IRAQ: Iran’s Contribution to the Civil War in Iraq
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION
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ENDNOTES
1 Abedin, Mahan, “The Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI),” Middle East Intelligence
Bulletin, October 2003.
2 Ibid.
3 “The Iraqi Intelligence Reports on the Iranian Intelligence Activities,” captured Iraqi intelligence records
maintained by FMSO, April 18, 2006.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 The Qods Force is an extra-territorial arm of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
11 “Terrorists Training Camp in Iran,” Iran Focus, February 27, 2006.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Dr. Mohamed Ayach Alkabessee, “The Iranian Role in Iraq after the Occupation,” http://www.iraq-amsi.
org, March 19, 2006.
16 “Iran Sets up New Terror Camp in Eastern Iraq,” Iran Focus, April 16, 2006.
17 http://www.iraq-amsi.org.
18 “Iraq Elections: Parties to Watch,” al-Jazeera, December 13, 2005.
19 “Iraqi official calls for Shia region,” al-Jazeera, August 4, 2006.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 http://www.iraqirabita.org.